Biology and Scientific Research Practice Test

Natural selection is a fundamental mechanism of evolution that explains how species adapt and change over time in response to their environment. It operates on the principle that individuals with traits better suited for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This process leads to the gradual accumulation of beneficial adaptations in a population.

Darwin's finches provide a classic example of natural selection in action. These birds, found in the Galápagos Islands, exhibit a remarkable diversity in beak shape and size, which corresponds to the different types of food available on the various islands. The variations in beak morphology are adaptations to specific environmental pressures, demonstrating how natural selection can drive evolutionary change by favoring individuals with advantageous traits over generations.

In contrast, while genetic drift, mimicry, and artificial selection play roles in evolutionary processes, they do not capture the essence of how species adapt in a natural context as effectively as natural selection does. Genetic drift refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population, mimicry involves adaptations for protection or predation based on visual resemblance, and artificial selection involves human intervention in breeding practices. None of these processes exemplify the adaptive radiation and specific environmental adaptations highlighted by the example of Darwin’s finches as clearly as natural selection does.

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